PEER REVIEWED
Development
and Implementation of a Vitreous Hemorrhage Grading Scale
RONNI M. LIEBERMAN, MD, J.
A. GOW, MD, & LISA R. GRILLONE, PhD
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Figure
1. The Vitreous Hemorrhage Density Grading Scale: Grade 1
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Vitreous
hemorrhage (VH) is a significant cause of vision loss worldwide. The incidence of
VH has been estimated at 7/100 000 annually.1
VH occurs when normal retinal vessels are torn (posterior vitreous detachment, retinal
tears, or trauma), when retinal blood vessels leak or rupture (proliferative diabetic
retinopathy [PDR], retinal vascular events, retinal macroaneurysms, or hemoglobinopathies),
or in association with bleeding from other vascular systems (age-related macular
degeneration [AMD], subarachnoid hemorrhage, or intraocular tumor).2
Posterior
vitreous detachment with retinal tear is the most common underling etiology of VH,
followed by PDR.1
Visual symptoms of VH range from mild floaters to severe loss of vision, with the
diagnosis being made by using either indirect ophthalmoscopy or B-scan ultrasonography.
There is no single accepted standardized scale for grading VH.
Therefore, it is largely subjective and tends to vary among clinicians. Some prefer
qualitative descriptions (mild/moderate/severe or small/medium/large) while others
choose a quasi-quantitative approach (1+ to 4+).3
Significant intra- and inter-observer variability may exist in the use of these
grading schemes. A grading system that references reproducible photographs or drawings,
analogous to the retinal photos in the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study
(ETDRS), will facilitate communication between healthcare professionals.4,5
This may also lead to standardization of care for these patients by allowing for
differentiation into the appropriate group.
We propose the following grading scale for VH, based upon visibility
of the retina. A specified number of retinal clock hours must be visualized; then
the patient is placed in the appropriate category.
THE VITREOUS HEMORRHAGE DENSITY GRADING
SCALE
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Figure 2. The
Vitreous Hemorrhage Density Grading Scale: Grade 2 |
Grade 0: No blood present in the vitreous, the entire retina is
visible.
Grade 1: Some hemorrhage present, which obscures between a total
of 1 to 5 clock hours of retina. Laser photocoagulation (PRP) can be successfully
performed (Figure 1).
Grade 2: Hemorrhage obscures between a total of 5 to 10 clock
hours of central and/or peripheral retina, or a large hemorrhage is located posterior
to the equator, with varying clock hours of anterior retina visible. Laser is feasible,
but a full panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) can not be placed (Figure 2).
Grade 3: A red reflex is present, with no retinal detail seen
posterior to the equator, precluding any photocoagulation (Figure 3).
Grade 4: Dense VH with no red reflex present (Figure 4).
One can see the gradient along which the scale is constructed.
There are specific grades or categories in which to place the patient, with an obviously
small spectrum within each grade, correlating to the amount of hemorrhage in each
grade. For instance, Grade 2 has between 5 and 10 clock hours of hemorrhage.
Although subdividing each grade into more specific subcategories might make it more
precise, this would complicate its ease of use. Note that patients with a retinal
tear causing VH may have that tear obscured by hemorrhage, and need to be treated
appropriately.
BENEFITS OF THE VH GRADING SCALE
This proposed classification is based not upon the actual amount
of blood in the vitreous, but on visibility of the underlying retina. These objective
endpoints have been utilized in two major phase 3 clinical trials with excellent
clinical and photographic reproducibility.6-8
The clinical trials evaluated and followed patients with VH of over
1 month
duration, following an intravitreal injection of ovine hyaluronidase (Vitrase, ISTA
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Irvine, Calif).9
Decrease (or change) of VH, using the proposed VH grading scale, was used as a secondary
endpoint in these studies, with 1125 patients evaluated by 137 separate investigative
sites over multiple visits. As one of the secondary endpoints in a phase 3 clinical
trial, the VH grading scale was validated and found to be reproducible between multiple
centers prior to its use in phase 3 trials.
The
VH grading scale was used as a secondary endpoint in these safety and efficacy trials.
This subjective endpoint had comparable P values to the increase in best-corrected
visual acuity (BCVA), an endpoint that was evaluated objectively. Comparison of
the saline (control) group and patients receiving 55 IU of intravitreal Vitrase
had a P value of <0.001 at months 1 and 2 and <0.004 at month 3, with
respect to BCVA. The subjective, or investigator graded reduction assessment in
VH, using the proposed scale described in this article, showed a P value
of <0.001 for the saline and 55 IU groups at months 1 and 2, with a P
value of <0.003 at month 3. The scale was not only used with ease and efficacy
by all examiners, but showed reproducibility and correlation with an objective endpoint.
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Figure 3. The Vitreous Hemorrhage Density Grading
Scale: Grade 3
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A
standardized density grading scale should also facilitate several aspects of clinical
management of VH. As determined by the DVRS, patients with an initial VH are managed
via watchful waiting (observation) for up to 3 months.4,5
They may, in fact, be followed by multiple healthcare providers during this time.
Certainly a
standardized grading system of VH would be helpful in that initial
phase of their treatment. By placing the patient in the appropriate category, it
should aid in assessing progress and prognosis, which in turn, may have therapeutic
implications. A patient with a VH which has not cleared sufficiently in accordance
with the VH grading scale may be deemed a candidate for vitrectomy earlier than
had watchful waiting been employed as per the DVRS.4,5
This may result in earlier useful vision. This applies primarily to retinal vasculopathies
amenable to thermal photocoagulation or pharmacological intervention, such as diabetic
retinopathy or venous occlusive
disease. Retinal tears causing a VH need to
be treated appropriately.
A scale based upon retinal visibility will standardize communication
among clinicians, with regard to the functional extent of bleeding. In addition,
for ease of communication, the clock hours of VH for each grade could be averaged
to attain an "average clock hours of vitreous hemorrhage" composite number.
While the definition of a semi-quantitative score of a "2+ vitreous
hemorrhage" may vary between clinicians, if a specified amount of retinal detail
is required to be visualized in order for a patient to be placed in the appropriate
grade, the classification will become standardized. This is especially important
as telemedicine, in addition to retinal photography, becomes more prevalent in the
diagnosis and treatment of patients.10-14 The
first author has used this scale as a standard in communication with other retinal
specialists regarding patients traveling between institutions. In addition, the
scale has proved useful in resident teaching, as a standard can be employed.
THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS
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Figure
4. The Vitreous Hemorrhage Density Grading Scale: Grade 4 |
The current therapeutic options for VH in PDR include observation
and vitrectomy. According to the DVRS, a patient with a non- clearing VH for 3 months
is a candidate for pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), although some surgeons may operate
sooner.4,5,15,16 Although
a PPV is usually a technically easy procedure to perform, it is not
without
risk.
Most Grade 3-4 hemorrhages are visually significant enough to
warrant intervention but not to justify early vitrectomy; therefore, these eyes
may be amenable to less invasive emerging pharmacotherapy. Based upon recently reported
phase 3 clinical trials6,7
and other publications17,18,
Grade 3-4 hemorrhages may benefit from intravitreal injection of ovine hyaluronidase9
rather than extended observation. Vitrase has been shown to statistically reduce
VH densities within 1 month of injection in the phase 3 clinical trials.6,7
Advanced grades of VH may have longer clinical courses, poorer visual outcomes,
and may benefit from early surgical intervention.16
The Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study and others demonstrated that early vitrectomy
significantly increased the likelihood of a good visual outcome.4,5
In summary, we present a clinically useful diagnostic scale to
standardize the grading of VH based upon specified amounts of retinal detail visible.
Secondarily, we discuss its impact on the treatment of the underlying disease process.
This scale will be useful in facilitating communication between healthcare professionals,
and ultimately, in developing a VH treatment algorithm.
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Ronni M. Lieberman, MD, is Assistant Clinical
Professor of Ophthalmology at the Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology,
New York, NY. Dr. Lieberman is a consultant for ISTA Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
J. A. Gow, MD is affiliated with Medical Affairs at ISTA
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Irvine, Calif.
Lisa R. Grillone, PhD, is Vice President, Clinical Research and
Medical Affairs at ISTA Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Retinal Physician, Issue: May 2006